What is the difference between Orthodox Christianity and other forms of Christianity?

Oriental Orthodoxy and Church of the East have Christological differences from other Christian churches. The Church of the East (Assyrian) rejects the Council of Ephesus  (Christ–God is the same being as Christ–Man), and Oriental Orthodoxy rejects the Council of Chalcedon (Christ–God is a distinct nature from Christ–Man).

This diagram in Non-Chalcedonianism  helps: Non-Chalcedonianism .

The doctrinal distinction between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism  is the Filioque : whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from (obeys, if you like) the Son as well as the Father.

The substantial distinction between all the branches, of course, is not theological but identity-based: ritual and political.

Why do people say, “Call it pedophilia, not childlove” when the word “pedophilia” is Greek for “childlove”?

Just because two words have identical semantics, does not mean they have identical connotations.

Pedophilia in modern society has extremely negative connotations. It didn’t have negative connotations when it was coined in Ancient Greece, because it was coined under different cultural norms. Words carry with them the connotations that a culture puts on them.

Advocates seeking to avoid those negative connotations may try to do so by coining a new word, which doesn’t have those connotations. Calquing the word into English “childlove” is such a strategy; “childlove”, being a new coining, doesn’t particulary have any connotations, and “child” and “love” on their own sound nice. “Call it pedophilia, not childlove” expresses objection to the strategy, and wants to keep the negative connotations in place.

Literal meaning is only one part of the meaning of words.

Do I need a good understanding of mathematics in order to excel at linguistics?

IMHO: for most disciplines no.

Steve Rapaport has spoken on Applied Linguistics; but Applied Linguistics is a very different discipline to Theoretical/General. Phonetics is an experimental science, so you’ll need statistics there.

Reconstructing in historical linguistics requires a degree of rigour and thinking in terms of rules which is a bit like maths, but only a bit. Ditto phonology and syntax, and I guess morphology. The other branches not so much.

Formal semantics has much in common with mathematical logic. But you’ll get more out  of philosophy than mathematics if you go that way.

In Greece, where are popular countries for Greek professionals to migrate to escape the Greek economic problems?

There’s a trickle of Greeks coming into Australia, mostly based on preexisting family connections  (or returnees whose children have ended up going back). The cafés of Oakleigh, Victoria  (the current Greektown of Melbourne) are awash with waiters speaking contemporary Greek slang, rather than codeswitching from 1950s village patois.

But Australia is, as my grandmother once said, πολλά αλάργο,* and most Greeks have indeed fled to Western Europe.

* Cretan dialect for “very far”. αλάργο is Italian a largo.

What variable name should I use after Z if I am specifying coordinates in four dimensions?

Justin Rising is correct for the convention in mathematics.

As to what the 27th letter of the Roman Alphabet is: Thorn (letter) has been argued for.

Do many modern Greeks feel a sense of failure or perhaps inferiority when compared with their ancient Greek ancestors?

The feeling has been there for a very long time. Theodore Metochites  in the 14th century lamented that the Ancients had said everything that needed to be said, so there was nothing left for his contemporaries to do. The Greek peasantry would make up stories about the pagan giants who built the inexplicable structures all around them.

The more superficial have translated the feeling of inferiority into the bombastic (“When we were building Parthenons, you guys were eating acorns”—noone that feels secure in themselves bothers to say that to Westerners). The more sensitive have had the feeling of failure gnaw at them. Dimitra Triantafyllidou’s answer does well to quite Seferis—who after all, as a professional diplomat, had plenty of opportunity to compare Greece to the West and reflect on what went wrong.

My sense is the feeling has dissipated somewhat as Greece became more integrated into Europe; there was a palpable difference I felt between my stay in 1983 and my return in 1995.

What do you look like when you speak Ancient Greek (Koine) in Greece today?

How soon my fellow respondents forget Katharevousa. Just as well they do, too.

Katharevousa (Puristic Greek), the project of purifying Greek of the last 2000 years of linguistic evolution, was a motley, incoherent, and rarely lovely thing. Some of its grammar was Attic, a lot more of it was Koine, and by accident it ended up most similar to Mediaeval Greek (purists were winding back the clock as much as  was feasible, and not much was feasible).

Nonetheless, a Frank such as OP, trying to speak Koine in Greece with Modern Greek pronunciation, would be taken for a valiant attempt to speak a somewhat over the top Katharevousa. And given how much  of a moving target Katharevousa was, they would probably get away with it too.

So 130 years ago, OP would be fêted and complimented for their excellent Greek by the elite—who would mutter to each other “Look you, the Frank speaks better Hellenic than us!” The common herd would bow and walk away, with their prejudice confirmed that the Franks speak the same gibberish as the high and mighty.

80 years ago, OP would be complimented for their  excellent Greek by the establishment. Not fêted though. The more atticising versions of Katharevousa had already died out, so even the establishment would have started thinking OP odd. Since noone used Katharevousa in literature after 1900 (Cavafy doesn’t count), the intelligentsia would look askance at OP, and probably play practical jokes on them. The communists would beat OP up in an alley, convinced they were a British spy.

30 years ago, OP would have been greeted with gales of laughter. Katharevousa died 40 years ago, and it died through ridicule, as much as it did through guilt by association with the Colonels’ regime. Any survivals of Katharevousa by 1980 were jocular.

What is the most expressive language you can make with just 20-30 words?

As I’ve said elsewhere here, for 60 basic concepts go to Natural semantic metalanguage. You can try cutting out concepts there, but you’re really, *really* going to crimp yourself in expressiveness.